Introduction
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, nestled in the heart of the charming Spanish city, has beckoned pilgrims and art enthusiasts alike for centuries. As a prime example of architectural excellence, the cathedral’s design and style reflect a rich tapestry of history, culture, and faith. In this article, we delve into the captivating architectural style of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, exploring its origins, influences, and distinctive features that have made it an enduring icon.
What Architectural Style is the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela?
At the heart of our exploration lies the question: “What architectural style is the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela?” This cathedral is a prime exemplar of the Romanesque architecture that was prevalent during its construction in the late 11th century. The Romanesque style, known for its sturdy construction and intricate ornamentation, graces the cathedral with a sense of timelessness that has captivated visitors for generations.
The Splendor of Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque architecture, characterized by its robust masonry, semi-circular arches, and barrel-vaulted ceilings, finds its zenith in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. The cathedral’s façade boasts a profusion of intricate sculptures, depicting biblical scenes and celestial beings. The sculptural adornments are reminiscent of the era’s artistic devotion to religious narratives.
Romanesque Architecture: A Glimpse into the Past
The roots of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s architectural style lie in the Romanesque era. This architectural movement, spanning from the 11th to the 12th century, celebrated robustness and grandeur. The cathedral’s design was influenced by the Romanesque trends prevalent during its construction period.
Origins and Evolution of Romanesque Architecture
The Romanesque style evolved as an amalgamation of Roman, Byzantine, and Carolingian architectural elements. Known for its thick walls, rounded arches, and simple geometric ornamentation, this style symbolized strength and devotion. The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s architects harnessed these features to create a structure that exudes spiritual significance and timeless beauty.
Influences on the Cathedral’s Design
As pilgrims flocked to Santiago de Compostela, the cathedral’s design reflected the era’s fascination with religious journeys. The cathedral’s grandeur and intricate details were meant to awe and inspire, underscoring the importance of faith and devotion. The architects ingeniously blended Romanesque elements with regional influences, creating a harmonious masterpiece that continues to captivate visitors.
Symbolism in Romanesque Art
Romanesque art often conveyed theological and spiritual messages through its sculptural motifs. The Cathedral’s façade is adorned with intricate sculptures that narrate biblical stories, connecting visitors to sacred narratives. This symbolism invites contemplation, making the cathedral not just an architectural wonder, but also a space for spiritual reflection.
The Cathedral of Santiago: A Historical Journey
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s construction embarked on a historical journey that spanned centuries. Its architectural innovations and the spiritual significance it holds continue to shape its legacy.
Foundation and Early Phases of Construction
The cathedral’s foundation in the 11th century marked the beginning of an architectural marvel that would stand the test of time. Built on the site where the remains of Saint James were believed to be found, the cathedral became a magnet for pilgrims. The early phases of construction witnessed the fusion of architectural techniques from different regions, resulting in a unique synthesis of styles.
Architectural Innovations of the Cathedral
The architects of the Cathedral of Santiago embraced innovation, evident in their use of the Romanesque style’s characteristic elements. The cathedral’s soaring nave, intricate rose window, and intricate sculptural decorations are testament to the builders’ ingenuity. The use of barrel-vaulted ceilings and ribbed vaults showcased their mastery over architectural engineering.
Significance as a Pilgrimage Destination
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s architectural magnificence was matched only by its spiritual significance. The cathedral became a major pilgrimage destination, drawing pilgrims from across Europe along the famed Camino de Santiago. The journey culminated in the awe-inspiring presence of the cathedral, underscoring the sacred bond between architecture, faith, and human connection.
Masterful Sculptures: Stories in Stone
The façade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is a visual narrative that transports visitors to biblical times. The intricate sculptures carved into the stone façade are a testament to the artistic prowess of the cathedral’s creators.
Intricate Sculptures on the Façade
The cathedral’s exterior is adorned with an intricate tapestry of sculptural details that tell stories of faith, devotion, and redemption. The delicate craftsmanship of these sculptures captures the essence of biblical events and figures, creating a visual feast for the eyes and a source of spiritual inspiration.
Depiction of Biblical Narratives
Each sculptural element on the cathedral’s façade is a portal into a sacred story. From scenes of Christ’s life to depictions of saints and martyrs, the sculptures serve as an educational tableau of religious history. The creators’ attention to detail imbues life into stone, inviting contemplation and connecting visitors to the spiritual essence of Christianity.
Spiritual Implications of the Sculptural Art
The sculptural art on the Cathedral of Santiago’s façade isn’t just about aesthetics; it’s a medium for conveying profound spiritual messages. The intricate carvings remind pilgrims and visitors of the timeless lessons found in religious narratives. As sunlight dances on the stone, these sculptures come alive, inspiring both reverence and introspection.
Divine Geometry: Layout and Design
Beyond its façade, the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s architectural brilliance is reflected in its layout and design. The cathedral’s dimensions and proportions are a testament to the deliberate use of sacred geometry.
Floor Plan and Architectural Layout
The cathedral’s floor plan is a manifestation of careful planning and spiritual symbolism. Its Latin cross layout comprises a nave, transept, and apse, each with specific functions and spiritual significance. The axial alignment draws the eye toward the sanctuary, emphasizing the spiritual journey towards the divine.
Harmony and Proportions in the Design
The cathedral’s architects employed the principles of sacred geometry to create a sense of harmony and proportion. The use of the Golden Ratio and other geometric ratios imbues the architecture with a divine elegance. This precision fosters an atmosphere conducive to contemplation, inviting visitors to immerse themselves in the spiritual aura of the space.
Spiritual Symbolism in Cathedral’s Layout
Every aspect of the Cathedral’s layout is laden with spiritual symbolism. The transept’s crossing represents the intersection of earthly and divine realms, while the apse signifies the culmination of the spiritual journey. The cathedral’s dimensions align with cosmic patterns, fostering a sense of unity between the individual and the cosmos.
Preservation Efforts: Maintaining the Legacy
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s enduring beauty is the result of dedicated preservation efforts spanning centuries. From restoration projects to contemporary conservation techniques, the cathedral’s legacy remains alive and vibrant.
Restoration Projects Over the Centuries
Throughout its history, the Cathedral of Santiago has faced the challenges of time, weather, and changing architectural trends. Restoration projects, undertaken with meticulous care, have breathed new life into the cathedral’s weathered façade and interiors. These efforts ensure that the architectural masterpiece continues to captivate future generations.
Contemporary Preservation Techniques
Modern conservationists employ cutting-edge techniques to safeguard the cathedral’s structural integrity and artistic heritage. Scientific analysis, non-invasive technologies, and environmental monitoring are used to assess the cathedral’s condition. This intersection of tradition and technology underscores the commitment to preserving history while embracing the advancements of the present.
Balancing Conservation with Accessibility
Preserving a monument of such historical and spiritual significance requires striking a delicate balance between conservation and accessibility. The cathedral’s doors remain open to pilgrims, tourists, and the faithful, while conservation efforts work tirelessly to safeguard its architectural marvels. This delicate equilibrium ensures that the cathedral’s beauty is not just preserved, but also shared with the world.
Architectural Influences: Echoes of the Past
The architectural style of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela reflects the cultural exchange and historical influences that shaped its creation. From pilgrimage routes to Moorish architecture, a myriad of factors contributed to its distinctive design and character.
Pilgrimage Routes and Cultural Exchange
The Cathedral of Santiago’s location along the Camino de Santiago, a network of pilgrimage routes, facilitated cultural exchange and architectural inspiration. Pilgrims from diverse regions brought with them architectural ideas and artistic motifs, which blended seamlessly into the cathedral’s design. This amalgamation of influences enriched the cathedral’s architectural language and narrative.
Influence of Moorish Architecture
The Moorish presence in Spain left an indelible mark on its architectural landscape. While the Cathedral of Santiago predominantly embodies Romanesque architecture, Moorish elements are discernible in its decorative motifs and architectural details. This interplay of styles reflects Spain’s cultural mosaic and serves as a testament to the cathedral’s role as a convergence point of artistic traditions.
Interplay of Regional Architectural Styles
The construction of the Cathedral of Santiago unfolded at a time when different regions were experimenting with architectural styles. The cathedral’s design incorporates elements from various regions of Europe, resulting in a harmonious blend of influences. This interplay speaks to the broader trend of architectural cross-pollination during the medieval period.
Unveiling the Crypt: Hidden Treasures Below
Beneath the majestic sanctuary of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela lies a hidden realm with treasures of spiritual and historical significance.
Exploration of the Cathedral’s Crypt
Venturing into the cathedral’s crypt is akin to delving into a sacred subterranean world. The crypt holds the remains of Saint James, making it a profound pilgrimage site. Pilgrims and visitors can experience a unique sense of connection as they stand before the final resting place of a revered apostle.
Relics and Artifacts in the Crypt
The crypt is adorned with relics, artifacts, and exquisite religious art that offer glimpses into the cathedral’s history and spiritual legacy. These items provide insights into the devotion and craftsmanship of past generations, underscoring the cathedral’s ongoing role as a repository of faith.
Spiritual Practices and Devotion in the Crypt
The cathedral’s crypt isn’t merely a historical repository; it’s a space for spiritual contemplation and devotion. Visitors often engage in reflective practices and prayers in the presence of Saint James’ remains. The crypt’s ambiance fosters a deep sense of connection to the cathedral’s spiritual legacy and the larger pilgrimage tradition.
The Golden Facade: Baroque Additions
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s architectural journey didn’t end with the Romanesque era. Subsequent centuries saw the addition of Baroque elements that enhanced its visual grandeur.
Baroque Enhancements to the Cathedral
The Baroque period witnessed a shift in architectural aesthetics, characterized by ornate decoration and dramatic forms. The Cathedral of Santiago’s façade underwent Baroque enhancements, adding intricate embellishments and gilded details. These additions harmoniously coexist with the Romanesque core, creating a fusion of artistic expressions.
Contrasting Styles and Aesthetic Harmony
The juxtaposition of Baroque elements against the backdrop of Romanesque architecture creates a captivating visual contrast. While the Romanesque style emphasizes robustness and simplicity, Baroque additions introduce a dynamic and exuberant visual language. This coalescence of styles results in an aesthetic harmony that highlights the cathedral’s ever-evolving beauty.
Gilded Elements and Visual Grandeur
The gilded elements on the Cathedral of Santiago’s façade evoke a sense of opulence and grandeur. The play of sunlight on the gilded surfaces adds an ethereal quality, transforming the cathedral into a beacon of shimmering beauty. The gilding not only enhances the cathedral’s visual appeal but also symbolizes the divine light that permeates its sacred space.
Architectural Photography: Capturing the Essence
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela’s architectural splendor is a muse for photographers, both amateur and professional. The interplay of light, shadows, and intricate details offers endless opportunities to capture its essence.
Iconic Photography Spots in and Around the Cathedral
Photographers are spoiled for choice when it comes to capturing the cathedral’s architectural marvels. From the intricate sculptures on the façade to the soaring interior spaces, every corner offers a unique perspective. The cloisters, gardens, and panoramic views from nearby vantage points also beckon photographers to capture the cathedral’s allure.
Illuminating the Architectural Details through Photography
Photography allows for a deeper exploration of the cathedral’s architectural details. Close-up shots reveal the intricate carvings, delicate tracery, and artistic motifs that define the cathedral’s aesthetic. Through the lens, visitors can appreciate the craftsmanship and dedication that went into creating this architectural masterpiece.
Fusion of Art and Technology in Architectural Photography
Architectural photography marries the artistry of architecture with the technology of capturing light. Modern photographers use advanced equipment and techniques to capture the cathedral’s splendor in high resolution. Through their lenses, they not only document the cathedral’s beauty but also contribute to its ongoing legacy in the digital age.
Embracing Spirituality: Cathedral as a Living Sanctuary
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela isn’t just a historical monument; it continues to serve as a living sanctuary where spiritual practices and devotion thrive.
Religious Services and Ceremonies at the Cathedral
The cathedral’s spiritual legacy is kept alive through a multitude of religious services and ceremonies. Masses, liturgies, and special events draw the faithful and pilgrims into the cathedral’s sacred space. These gatherings amplify the cathedral’s role as a spiritual hub that nourishes the souls of its visitors.
Role in Contemporary Spiritual Practices
While the cathedral’s history is steeped in tradition, its relevance extends to contemporary times. Visitors engage in a range of spiritual practices, from silent meditation to communal prayer. The cathedral’s ambiance fosters an atmosphere of serenity and introspection, providing solace to those seeking moments of reflection.
Unity of Architectural Beauty and Spiritual Reflection
The architecture of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela complements and enhances the spiritual experiences of its visitors. The soaring arches and hushed interiors create a sense of reverence, inviting individuals to connect with their inner selves and the divine. This unity between architecture and spirituality makes the cathedral a haven for introspection and renewal.
Myth and Legend: Camino de Santiago and the Cathedral
The Camino de Santiago, a network of pilgrimage routes leading to the cathedral, is shrouded in myth and legend. These stories have contributed to the cathedral’s mystique and cultural resonance.
Camino de Santiago: The Pilgrim’s Journey
The Camino de Santiago, often referred to as the Way of Saint James, encompasses various routes leading to the cathedral. Pilgrims embark on this transformative journey for reasons ranging from religious devotion to personal reflection. The stories and experiences along the Camino enrich the narrative surrounding the cathedral.
Legends Surrounding the Cathedral
The Camino de Santiago is steeped in legends that intertwine with the cathedral’s history. Mythical tales of miraculous interventions, encounters with celestial beings, and divine guidance have become part of the pilgrimage lore. These legends amplify the sense of mystery and wonder associated with the cathedral and its pilgrimage routes.
Mythical Stories and Their Influence on Artistic Expression
The myths and legends surrounding the Camino de Santiago and the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela have inspired countless works of art, literature, and music. Creative minds have drawn upon these narratives to craft stories that capture the essence of pilgrimage, faith, and human journey. This artistic resonance deepens the cathedral’s cultural impact.
The Skylight Symphony: Stained Glass Marvels
The interplay of light and color within the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is a visual symphony that unfolds through its stunning stained glass windows.
Stained Glass Windows: A Kaleidoscope of Colors
The cathedral’s stained glass windows transform sunlight into a kaleidoscope of vibrant hues that dance across the interiors. The use of a diverse color palette creates a mesmerizing play of light, infusing the sacred space with an ethereal ambiance. These windows are not just decorative elements; they are conduits of transcendence.
Depicting Sacred Scenes and Religious Motifs
The stained glass windows narrate stories of faith and spirituality through their intricate designs. From scenes of biblical events to representations of saints and angels, each window carries a visual narrative that resonates with the cathedral’s spiritual essence. The fusion of color and form imparts a sense of divine presence.
Captivating Play of Light and Color Inside the Cathedral
The interaction between light and color within the cathedral is a visual spectacle that awakens the senses. As sunlight filters through the stained glass, it bathes the interiors in a radiant glow. The changing hues throughout the day mirror the cyclical nature of faith, reminding visitors of the eternal rhythms that underlie their spiritual journey.
Crafting an Icon: Artisans and Their Legacy
The creation of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela was a collaborative endeavor that involved skilled artisans whose legacy lives on through the cathedral’s architecture.
Skilled Craftsmen Behind the Cathedral’s Creation
The architects and craftsmen who contributed to the cathedral’s construction were masters of their respective trades. From stone masons to sculptors, each artisan imbued their work with a deep sense of dedication and skill. Their craftsmanship transformed raw materials into intricate works of art that continue to inspire awe.
Artisanal Techniques Passed Down Through Generations
The techniques employed in the creation of the Cathedral of Santiago have been handed down through generations of artisans. The knowledge of working with stone, carving intricate details, and shaping architectural elements has been preserved and refined over time. This continuity ensures that the cathedral’s architectural legacy remains alive in the hands of modern craftsmen.
Craftsmanship as a Testament to Human Ingenuity
The Cathedral of Santiago’s architecture is a testament to human ingenuity and creativity. The artisans who contributed to its construction demonstrated a deep understanding of materials, structures, and aesthetics. Their ability to transform raw stone into intricate sculptures and architectural marvels is a celebration of human capability and artistic expression.
Spiritual Energy of the Cathedral: A Personal Experience
Visiting the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela isn’t merely a sightseeing endeavor; it’s an immersive experience that touches the soul and leaves a lasting impact.
Personal Encounters and Spiritual Insights
Each visitor’s experience within the cathedral is unique and deeply personal. The soaring arches, the scent of incense, and the play of light evoke a range of emotions and insights. Some may find solace, while others experience moments of enlightenment. These encounters contribute to the cathedral’s role as a place of profound connection.
Connection Between Architecture and Inner Reflection
The cathedral’s architecture has a remarkable ability to evoke introspection and inner reflection. The serene atmosphere and intricate details encourage visitors to pause, contemplate, and seek inner harmony. This connection between external aesthetics and inner spirituality is what distinguishes the Cathedral of Santiago as a transformative space.
Cathedral’s Profound Impact on Visitors
Many visitors leave the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela forever changed by their experience. The architectural beauty, spiritual aura, and historical significance converge to create a holistic impact. Whether through a renewed sense of faith, a deeper appreciation for artistry, or a heightened connection to history, the cathedral’s influence lingers long after the visit.
The Enigmatic Botafumeiro: Swinging to the Heavens
One of the Cathedral of Santiago’s most iconic rituals involves the Botafumeiro, a giant thurible that swings high above the congregation, enveloping the space in fragrant incense.
Botafumeiro: The Giant Thurible of the Cathedral
The Botafumeiro is a monumental thurible suspended from the cathedral’s ceiling. With its colossal size and ornate design, it captures the attention of both pilgrims and visitors. The swinging of the Botafumeiro is a cherished ritual that adds a sensory and spiritual dimension to the cathedral’s ambiance.
History and Symbolism of the Swinging Ritual
The origins of the Botafumeiro date back centuries, when it was used to purify the air and mask the odors of large gatherings. Today, the swinging ritual symbolizes the offering of prayers to the heavens and the dispersion of blessings to the congregation. The ritual’s history and symbolism elevate the cathedral’s spiritual significance.
Awe-Inspiring Sight for Pilgrims and Tourists
Witnessing the Botafumeiro in motion is a highlight of any visit to the Cathedral of Santiago. The pendulum-like motion, accompanied by the scent of incense, creates a multisensory experience that leaves a lasting impression. The ritual’s grandeur reinforces the cathedral’s status as a place where the sacred and the sublime converge.
Archways of Tranquility: Cloisters and Gardens
Beyond the cathedral’s grandeur lies a haven of tranquility: the cloisters and gardens. These spaces offer respite and reflection amidst architectural beauty.
Tranquil Cloisters: Oasis of Calmness
The cloisters of the Cathedral of Santiago provide a serene escape from the bustling world outside. These covered walkways encircle courtyards adorned with lush greenery and bubbling fountains. The atmosphere encourages contemplation and quietude, inviting visitors to slow down and appreciate the interplay between architecture and nature.
Exquisite Architecture in Cloistered Walkways
The cloisters are a masterclass in architectural design and craftsmanship. Intricate arches, detailed stonework, and delicate tracery adorn the walkways. Each architectural element creates a harmonious rhythm that elevates the sense of tranquility. The cloisters are a testament to the architects’ ability to create spaces that nurture both the soul and the senses.
Gardens as Meditative Spaces
Adjacent to the cloisters, the gardens offer a sensory experience that complements the architectural beauty. The rustling of leaves, the fragrance of flowers, and the play of light create an enchanting ambiance. These gardens provide visitors with a peaceful retreat for meditation, contemplation, and connection with the natural world.
Cultural Resonance: Cathedral in Literature and Art
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela has inspired generations of writers, artists, and creatives who have incorporated its beauty into their works.
Depictions of the Cathedral in Literature
Writers throughout history have been drawn to the Cathedral of Santiago’s mystique. Its presence in literary works lends a sense of pilgrimage, journey, and spiritual exploration. The cathedral’s architecture and symbolism become characters themselves, adding depth and resonance to the narratives.
Influence on Artists and Their Creations
Visual artists have found inspiration in the cathedral’s architecture, capturing its intricate details and spiritual aura on canvas. Paintings, sketches, and sculptures that depict the cathedral reveal the artists’ fascination with its grandeur. The cathedral’s ever-changing play of light and shadow offers artists a rich palette for creative expression.
Catalytic Role in Cultural Productions
The Cathedral of Santiago’s influence extends beyond the confines of its physical space. Its presence has catalyzed cultural
productions, from films and documentaries to music compositions. Filmmakers have used the cathedral’s awe-inspiring backdrop to tell stories of faith, discovery, and human connection. Composers have drawn on its spiritual resonance to create musical compositions that evoke emotions and inspire reflection.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What architectural style is the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela known for?
A: The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is primarily known for its Romanesque architectural style, characterized by its thick walls, rounded arches, and intricate sculptural decorations.
Q: Is the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela still an active place of worship?
A: Yes, the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela continues to be an active place of worship, hosting religious services, ceremonies, and pilgrim gatherings.
Q: How does the Botafumeiro swinging ritual enhance the cathedral experience?
A: The Botafumeiro swinging ritual adds a sensory and spiritual dimension to the cathedral experience. The swinging of the giant thurible envelops the congregation in fragrant incense and symbolizes the offering of prayers to the heavens.
Q: Can visitors explore the cloisters and gardens of the cathedral?
A: Yes, visitors are welcome to explore the cloisters and gardens of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. These spaces offer a tranquil retreat for reflection amidst architectural beauty and natural serenity.
Q: What role does the Cathedral of Santiago play in the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage?
A: The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela serves as the final destination of the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage routes. Pilgrims journey to the cathedral to pay homage to the remains of Saint James and experience its spiritual significance.
Q: How has the Cathedral of Santiago inspired artists and writers?
A: The Cathedral of Santiago’s architectural beauty, spiritual aura, and historical resonance have inspired artists, writers, and filmmakers for centuries. Its presence in literature, art, and cultural productions reflects its enduring impact on creative expression.
Conclusion: A Testament to Architectural Splendor and Human Spirit
In the heart of Santiago de Compostela stands a cathedral that transcends time and speaks to the depths of human spirit. The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, with its Romanesque roots, storied history, and intricate artistry, is more than an architectural masterpiece—it’s a beacon of faith, a canvas of creativity, and a sanctuary of serenity.
As visitors enter its hallowed halls, they embark on a journey that spans centuries, cultures, and emotions. The interplay of light and shadow, the harmony of architectural elements, and the fragrance of incense weave a tapestry of experiences that resonate with pilgrims and tourists alike.
From the intricate sculptures on its façade to the soaring arches of its nave, the cathedral’s design is a symphony of devotion, craftsmanship, and artistic genius. Its architectural style, Romanesque in essence, bears the imprints of cultural exchange, historical influences, and the collaborative efforts of skilled artisans.
But the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is more than a monument frozen in time; it’s a living sanctuary where spiritual practices thrive, where personal encounters with the divine unfold, and where the human spirit finds solace. It stands as a bridge between the past and the present, between architecture and inner reflection, between myth and reality.
In its sacred spaces, visitors find more than stone and mortar; they find inspiration, connection, and renewal. The cathedral’s architectural splendor mirrors the transcendence of the human spirit—ever-evolving, ever-reaching for the heavens. And as the sun sets over its iconic façade, the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela continues to illuminate hearts and minds, inviting all who enter to be part of its enduring legacy.
Boldly blending history, faith, and art, the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela stands as a testament to the indomitable human spirit. Its architectural brilliance and spiritual resonance touch the souls of pilgrims and visitors alike. As we reflect on its legacy, we’re reminded of the beauty that emerges when architecture and devotion intertwine.
Keyword: What Architectural Style is the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela